This report presents the AEGIS roadmap for automated waterborne transport and is the result of the work related to Task 2.5 Roadmap for waterborne logistics redesign as defined in the AEGIS Grant Agreement. The task was to collect the results of the AEGIS work package 2 and 6, and the AEGIS use cases, to provide a publicly available roadmap for the redesign of more sustainable waterborne transport. Furthermore, the main AEGIS solutions that can be used to realize the redesign were to be identified, and benefits and possible costs were to be described, exemplified by future transport systems, including intercontinental transport. Furthermore, the focus was to be on unitized cargo (ie, containers and ro-ro trailers).
The report is based on the AEGIS use cases and outlines one logistics redesign for short sea shipping where the cargo is containers, and one for inland waterways shipping where the cargo is roro trailers. Intercontinental transport was not studied in detail within the AEGIS project, as it was not in scope. This means that no study investigating the applicability of AEGIS solutions for intercontinental transport has been done, and thus the background for creating a roadmap for intercontinental transport is missing. Instead, intercontinental transport is briefly discussed in a separate section of the report. Furthermore, even though the AEGIS solutions do not target the deep sea leg of intercontinental transport, they are highly applicable to the distribution and consolidation of cargo in the hinterland. For this part of intercontinental transport, the short sea and inland transport roadmaps are directly applicable.
For each of the two segments short sea and inland waterways, the bassline "as-is" scenarios are discussed to provide insight into current challenges and areas with potential for improvements. Then a redesign is introduced, where the AEGIS innovations and concepts are used to gain efficiency benefits and zero emission transport systems. As part of the redesign discussion, the gaps towards realization are also discussed and identified. These are related to immature technology, certain issues that are currently not addressed and need both research and development, and issues related to uptake and investment risk. Next, one roadmap for short sea shipping and one for inland waterways is presented, and discussed in terms of short term, medium term and long term phases and what advancements need to be made (ie, what gaps need to be closed) within each of these periods. Finally, policy support and actions are discussed in terms of what will be required to realize the roadmaps.
The two roadmaps presented in this report include discussions for the short-, medium- and long-term periods. The roadmaps are structured this way to facilitate a discussion around which aspects are mature, and which require more research and has a longer expected horizon to market. The roadmaps are written with the purpose of allowing the implementation of the new transport systems in the short, medium and long term, and a discussion is made around the sustainability of the transport system at each maturity level.
This book explores the transformation of Danish shipbuilding from 1975-2015. Specifically it expores the closure of B&W Shipyard in 1980, Nakskov Shipyard in 1986, Aalborg Shipyard in 1987-88, Burmeister and Wain Shipyard in 1996 and Danyard Frederikshavn in 1999. The author identifies 27 firms that were spun out during the closure of five Danish shipyards and finds that several of these firms were able to apply the inherent resources in new activities with more value added. The book also finds that the competencies of the redundant workers from the four shipyards were useful in other parts of the Danish labor market. The book sheds new light how internal and external factors influence the transformation of mature industries.
The European Green Deal (EGD) adopted in December 2019 seeks to facilitate the transition of the EU towards a climate-neutral continent and a modern, resource-efficient, and competitive economy by 2050. In addition to a set of objectives, it is also a policy program that will affect the policy landscape, by driving the development of new directives and regulation, and the amendment of existing ones. In order to facilitate a transition of EU society to better protect the marine environment, decision making and implementation processes within marine governance will need to be improved to develop and implement measures through which EGD marine protection objectives will be achieved.
The Horizon Europe PERMAGOV project aims to improve the implementation and performance of EU marine policies to reach the goals set in the EGD. The PERMAGOV project focuses on four issue areas, so-called regime complexes: Maritime Transport, Marine Energy, Marine Life and Marine Plastics. Within each regime complex, 2 to 3 case studies are used to explore and analyse how governance arrangements are emerging and changing and improving their performance through the EGD. These case studies span three European Seas, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the North East Atlantic.
This chapter is about emergent safety hazards in engineering systems. These
hazards are those that emerge from a system without arising from any part of the
system alone, but because of interactions between parts. We distinguish two
approaches to analysing engineering systems: one is to view them as sociotechnical, and the other is to consider them as cyber-physical systems. We
illustrate a great deal of emergent hazardous behaviours and phenomena due to
unknown accident physics, malign actions, chemistry, and biology and due to
deficiencies in managements and organisations. The method that follows the
socio-technical view consists in the representation of a system by sequential
functionally unrelated processes that can in reality influence the performance of each other via sneak paths. The method that follows the cyber-physical systems
view focuses on the analysis of control loops (feedback, feedforward, positive,
and negative) and, especially, interrelated loops. The chapter explores also the
realm of security threats due to malign actions that can trigger safety-threatening events. And finally it gives general guidance for avoiding and eliminating safety hazards when designing engineering systems.
This report analyses recent productivity developments in some of the main capture fisheries in Europe. Using data on specific fleet segments, productivity growth has been compared
between demersal fisheries in the UK, Spain, Norway, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, and pelagic fisheries in the UK, Denmark, Norway, Iceland and the Faroe Islands.
The purpose of this chapter is to present some basics as regards the energy efficiency of ships, including related regulatory activity at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and elsewhere. To that effect, the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) is first presented, followed by a discussion of Market Based Measures (MBMs) and the recent Initial IMO Strategy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships. The discussion includes commentary on possible pitfalls in the policy approach being followed.
The emissions of the maritime sector caused by ship transportation and other fossil fuel sources pose a threat to the environment and human health. It drives an increasing interest in adopting electrification solutions to revolutionize the conventional maritime energy-intensive and highly polluting industry. Accordingly, this thesis is one of the pioneering attempts to implement a seaport microgrid and carbon capture shore power system of cold ironing at a port dedicated to sustainability while remaining competitive.
However, the technological and research gaps of the conventional port scheduling paradigm constitute challenges in a synergy between the two prominent maritime electrification systems of seaport microgrids and cold ironing. The incorporation of cold ironing into seaport operations introduces new challenges to handling workflow and the potential impact of such integration has not yet been quantitatively addressed. Developing strategic management to improve port performance is always an issue for the port operators. This research gap motivated this study to develop an integrated operation and energy management framework by executing forecasting and optimization techniques for coordinating these technologies toward the emission neutrality goal.
This thesis begins with an extensive review of the significant aspects of cold ironing technology and seaport microgrids. A range of factors associated with the varying demand for cold ironing in seaport microgrids, requiring advanced forecasting techniques, are described in Chapter 2. Another challenge is that the integration of cold ironing with limited capacities increases the complexity of the existing seaside operation at port namely the berth allocation problem (BAP) and quay crane allocation problem (QCAP). It prolongs the waiting time for the ships to be served at berth. Thus, a seaside operational optimization model is developed in Chapter 3 to cooperatively schedule BAP, QCAP, and cold ironing assignment problems (CIAP). Chapter 4 integrates bilevel optimization as an energy management system (EMS) framework to coordinate the joint cold ironing with the seaport microgrid concept, providing more flexibility in energy scheduling while remaining cost-effective. Finally, Chapter 5 presents the overall conclusions of the thesis, research contribution, and future recommendations.
This chapter discusses European policies as regards short sea shipping (SSS) and intermodality. To that effect, a broad perspective is mainly taken, as recently there have been numerous policy initiatives in Europe that deal directly or indirectly with both sectors. The chapter takes stock at the situation as regards European ports and SSS and discusses challenges and prospects for the future. The analysis looks into both ports and SSS in a strict sense and other factors that are related, directly or indirectly, and that may have important ramifications. These other factors include EU port deregulation, the role of rail transport, environmental regulations, sulphur regulations, port security, and others. The chapter tries to explain the causes of current problems, investigates cross-linkages and makes suggestions for possible improvements.
The following report presents the results of the experimental testing of the Exowave wave energy converter (WEC) performed in September 2023 at the Ocean and Coastal Engineering Laboratory at Aalborg University, Denmark. The model tests are performed based on the current design of the WEC35 Exowave floater as part of the project 250 MW bølgekraft I den danske Nordsø før 2030 – fase 1 supported by the Danish Energy Agency under the Energy Technology Development and Demonstration Program (EUDP) contract number 64022-1062.
The first-mile problem, which refers to the design of transport services that connect passengers to their nearby transit station, has attracted growing attention in recent years. In this paper we consider first-mile ride-sharing services and study the problem of optimally determining the fleet size and assigning vehicles to transport requests. We formulate the problem as a mixed-integer program and present a number of numerical experiments based on a small-scale system to analyse different configurations of the service, namely with and without fleet control (FC). Result shows that a configuration with FC is superior in terms of profits while service rates can be higher in a configuration without FC, depending on the revenue-sharing mechanism.