Hydrogen energy is a promising solution for prompting low-carbon port development. This study introduces two hydrogen utilization strategies: hydrogen consumption-driven strategy (HCDS) and hydrogen storage-driven strategy (HSDS). Using data from a real port and a life-cycle assessment approach, a case study is conducted to compare their economic and ecological performances. The results show that HCDS enhances economic benefits, with an annualized cost of 66.1 million CNY, which is 11% lower than HSDS. Additionally, HCDS is sensitive to electricity prices and grid carbon emission factor. In contrast, HSDS offers superior ecological benefits, with an annualized carbon footprint of 31,300 tons of CO₂, which is 12% lower than HCDS, and is mainly sensitive to purchase prices and emission factors of electricity and hydrogen. This study provides critical insights into the trade-offs between economic and ecological performance under different hydrogen utilization strategies, offering practical guidance for implementing hydrogen energy system applications in ports.
The integration of offshore wind assets with green hydrogen production and storage units can offer a much-needed solution for intermittency and curtailment issues of the offshore energy industry. To gain confidence that such novel integrated assets will be fit for purpose, the present study presents a comprehensive risk assessment followed by an action plan to mitigate the identified risks to help facilitate their technology qualification. The new methodology introduced here involves all the life-cycle phases of an offshore green hydrogen production system. Following, prevailing failure modes, their effects, and their causes are identified through an extensive review of relevant literature. Subsequently, risk prioritization is performed by ranking the criticality scores obtained from a multidisciplinary group of experts to the questionnaire designed to reveal the chosen subsystems' technology readiness, degree of change, concern in manufacturing and operation, and potential consequences regarding occupational health, safety, environment, economic and regulatory.